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1 expected demand
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2 expected demand
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > expected demand
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3 expected demand
Реклама: ожидаемый спрос -
4 expected demand
English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > expected demand
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5 covering expected demand fluctuations
Энергетика: компенсация прогнозируемых колебаний потребленияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > covering expected demand fluctuations
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6 demand
1. n1) требование2) потребность, нужда3) спрос
- accumulated demand
- active demand
- actual demand
- additional demand
- after-market demand
- aggregate demand
- alternate demand
- animated demand
- annual demand
- anticipated demand
- average monthly demand
- back-ordered demand
- borrowing demand
- brisk demand
- capital demand
- cash demand
- claimant's demands
- competitive demand
- complementary demand
- composite demand
- conflicting demands
- considerable demand
- consumer demand
- consumer's demand
- counter demand
- current demand
- declining demand
- decreased demand
- decreasing demand
- deferred demand
- derived demand
- diminishing demand
- domestic demand
- effective demand
- effective consumer demand
- effectual demand
- elastic demand
- emergency demand
- end-product demand
- excess demand
- excessive demand
- expected demand
- export demand
- external demand
- extra demand
- fair demand
- falling demand
- final demand
- fixed demand
- fluctuating demand
- general demand
- generalized demand
- great demand
- growing demand
- heavy demand
- home demand
- housing demand
- immediate demand
- import demand
- increased demand
- increasing demand
- independent demand
- individual demand
- inelastic demand
- investment demand
- job demand
- joint demand
- justified demand
- keen demand
- labour demand
- limited demand
- liquidated demand
- lively demand
- loan demand
- lost demand
- local demand
- market demand
- maximum demand
- maximum likely demand
- maximum possible demand
- maximum reasonable demand
- minimum demand
- monthly demand
- moving demand
- nondefence demand
- normal demand
- onerous demand
- one-time demand
- overall demand
- peak demand
- pent-up demand
- persistent demand
- plaintiff's demands
- planned demand
- poor demand
- potential demand
- price-dependent demand
- primary demand
- product demand
- prospective demand
- reasonable demand
- related demand
- replacement demand
- resource demand
- rival demand
- sagging demand
- salary demand
- satisfied demand
- saturated demand
- scanty demand
- seasonal demand
- slack demand
- slight demand
- sluggish demand
- small demand
- social demand
- solvent demand
- stable demand
- stagnant demand
- stationary demand
- steady demand
- steep demand
- substantial demand
- summed demand
- tax demand
- uncovered demand
- unsatisfied demand
- unsaturated demand
- urgent demand
- wage demand
- weak demand
- weighted moving demand
- world demand
- world market demand
- demand for advances
- demand for capital
- demand for consumer goods
- demand for credit
- demand for currency
- demand for equipment
- demand for funds
- demand for gold
- demand for money
- demand for payment
- demand for product
- demand for raw materials
- demand for refund
- demand for return
- demand for service
- demand for space
- demand of goods
- demands on the market
- supply and demand
- on demand
- advance demands
- be in demand
- boost demand
- comply with demand
- continue in demand
- cut demands
- decline a demand
- depress the demand
- determine demands
- enforce demands
- exceed the demand
- fill a demand
- find demand on the market
- forecast demand
- grant demands
- have demand
- keep up with the demand
- lay down demands
- make demands
- meet the demand
- meet demands
- put forward demands
- quell demand
- reduce demands
- reject a demand
- satisfy the demand
- satisfy demands
- sound out the demand for securities
- stimulate the demand
- supply a demand
- turn down a demand2. vEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > demand
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7 demand
n1) требование, настойчивая просьба- concede to smb.'s demands- grant smb.'s demands- supply smb.'s demands- satisfy smb.'s demands- meet smb.'s demands- make demands on smb.2) запрос; предъявление требования3) потребность, нужда4) спрос5) юр. заявка, иск, претензия; законное притязание• -
8 expected
прил.
1) будущий
2) ожидаемый, вероятный ∙ - expected price - expected life - expected income - expected value - expected costs - expected return expected demand expected gains expected payoff expected perils Syn: expectable, estimated, probable предполагаемый, ожидаемый расчетный expected ожидаемыйБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > expected
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9 будущий спрос
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > будущий спрос
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10 спрос
муж.;
нет мн.;
экон. call, demand;
(на кого-л./что-л.) demand (for), run (on) пользоваться большим спросом ≈ to be in popular demand, to be much in demand все увеличивающийся спрос ≈ evergrowing demand не имеющий спроса ≈ (о товаре) easy спрос и предложение ≈ demand and supply большой спрос ≈ (о товаре) rushм.
1. (требование) demand;
~, зависящий от цены эк. price-dependent demand;
избыточный ~ эк. excessive demand;
интенсивный ~ эк. keen demand;
~ на кредит эк. demand for credit, demand for advance;
~ на рабочие места job demand;
~ на рынке market demand;
~ на средства потребления эк. direct demand;
~ на товары demand for goods;
неудовлетворённый ~ unsatisfied( back log) demand;
отложенный ~ эк. deferred demand;
платёжеспособный ~ эк. effective demand, effective consumer demand;
покупательский ~ consumer demand;
устойчивый ~ эк. fixed (stable, steady) demand;
пользоваться ~ом be on demand;
удовлетворять ~ meet (satisfy) demand;
~ и предложение supply and demand;
на эти товары большой ~ there is a great demand for these goods;
2. разг. (ответственность): с вас ~у больше all the more is expected of you;
без ~а, без ~у without asking (leave). -
11 elasticity
эластичность (отражает характер зависимости двух факторов, напр., изменение спроса в зависимости от изменения цен) -
12 reliability
надёжность; безотказность ( в работе) ; показатель надёжности; вероятность безотказной работы
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надёжность; безотказность (); показатель надёжности; вероятность безотказной работыreliability by duplication — обеспечение надёжности путём дублирования;
reliability by redundancy — обеспечение надёжности путём резервирования;
reliability in severe applications — надёжность в тяжёлых условиях эксплуатации;
reliability versus time — зависимость вероятности безотказной работы от времени;
- reliability of servicereliability with repair — надёжность с восстановлением; надёжность при выполнении ремонта
- a priori reliability
- acceptable reliability
- achieved reliability
- actual reliability
- advanced reliability
- allocated reliability
- anticipated reliability
- apportioned reliability
- assessed reliability
- assurance reliability
- asymptotic reliability
- attainable reliability
- attained reliability
- augmented reliability
- average reliability
- average estimated reliability
- boundary reliability
- calculated reliability
- compound reliability
- computed reliability
- conditional reliability
- current reliability
- demand reliability
- demonstrated reliability
- design reliability
- desired reliability
- dormant reliability
- drift reliability
- duplex reliability
- durability reliability
- dynamic reliability
- effective reliability
- engineering reliability
- enhanced reliability
- environmental reliability
- equipment reliability
- estimated reliability
- exact reliability
- expected reliability
- experimental reliability
- extra-high reliability
- failure-cause reliability
- field reliability
- final reliability
- functional reliability
- guaranteed reliability
- highest possible reliability
- in-service reliability
- inadequate reliability
- initial reliability
- long-life reliability
- long-range reliability
- long-term reliability
- lot-by-lot reliability
- low reliability
- mainstage reliability
- maintenance reliability
- measured reliability
- mechanical reliability
- minimum acceptable reliability
- nominal reliability
- nonparametric reliability
- nonredundant reliability
- normalized reliability
- numerical reliability
- observed reliability
- operating reliability
- operational reliability
- optimal reliability
- optimized reliability
- optimum reliability
- parametric reliability
- part-dependent reliability
- performance reliability
- planned reliability
- poor reliability
- posterior reliability
- pre-test reliability
- predetermined reliability
- predicted reliability
- preliminary reliability
- probabilistic reliability
- proven reliability
- qualitative reliability
- quality reliability
- quantitative reliability
- redundant reliability
- relative reliability
- running reliability
- satisfactory reliability
- service reliability
- service-free reliability
- short-term reliability
- standard reliability
- start reliability
- stationary reliability
- strategic reliability
- structural reliability
- synthesized reliability
- target reliability
- terminal reliability
- tolerable reliability
- tribological reliability
- ultimate reliability
- unacceptable reliability
- unsatisfactory reliability
- use reliability
- weighted reliability
- zero-failure reliability* * *• 1) надежность; 2) достоверность запасовАнгло-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > reliability
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13 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
14 expect
1. v ожидать, ждать2. v рассчитывать, надеяться3. v требоватьyou do not expect me to do this work in a day, do you? — вы же не требуете, чтобы я сделал эту работу в один день ?
4. v разг. предполагать, полагать, думатьwill he be late? — I expect so — он опоздает? — Вероятно, да
their job is expected to take between ten and twelve days — на эту работу у них уйдёт дней десять — двенадцать
it is ridiculous to expect me to believe such lies — неужели вы могли подумать, что я поверю такой лжи!
Синонимический ряд:1. anticipate (verb) anticipate; calculate; contemplate; count; count on; count upon; envision; foresee; hope; look; look out for2. await (verb) await; bargain on; depend on; figure on; look for3. require (verb) demand; exact; insist on; require4. understand (verb) assume; believe; conceive; gather; imagine; presume; suppose; suspect; take; think; understandАнтонимический ряд:realise; recognise; welcome -
15 inflation
n
- administrative inflation
- anticipated inflation
- benign inflation
- chronic inflation
- consumer price inflation
- controlled inflation
- core inflation
- cost inflation
- cost-price inflation
- cost-push inflation
- credit inflation
- creeping inflation
- demand inflation
- demand-pull inflation
- excessive inflation
- expected inflation
- galloping inflation
- hidden inflation
- incipient inflation
- induced inflation
- latent inflation
- long-term persistent inflation
- low inflation
- negligible inflation
- open inflation
- paper money inflation
- pent-up inflation
- persistent inflation
- price-controlled inflation
- product inflation
- profit inflation
- profit-push inflation
- repressed inflation
- runaway inflation
- spiraling inflation
- steady inflation
- supressed inflation
- tax-push inflation
- unanticipated inflation
- uncontrollable inflation
- uncontrolled inflation
- unexpected inflation
- wage inflation
- wage-push inflation
- zero inflation
- inflation of capital assets
- inflation of currency
- arrest inflation
- avert inflation
- bring inflation under control
- cause inflation
- control inflation
- curb inflation
- exacerbate inflation
- fuel inflation
- halt inflation
- keep inflation down
- keep inflation in check
- moderate inflation
- restrain inflation
- slow down inflation
- spur inflationEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > inflation
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16 inflation
•- inflation is running at %Many macro-economists urge Japan to engineer inflation at all costs. — Многие экономисты в области макроэкономики настаивают на том, чтобы Япония любыми средствами создала инфляцию.
-
17 inflation
[ɪnˈfleɪʃən]balance sheet inflation инфляция, отраженная в балансовом отчете cost-push inflation инфляция, вызванная ростом издержек производства cover against inflation гарантия от инфляции creeping inflation ползучая инфляция demand-pull inflation инфляция, вызванная высоким спросом demand-shift inflation инфляция, вызванная изменением спроса double-digit inflation инфляция, темпы которой выражаются двузначным числом exchange inflation инфляция expectational inflation ожидаемый уровень инфляции expected rate of inflation ожидаемый уровень инфляции fight against inflation борьба с инфляцией galloping inflation галопирующая инфляция galloping inflation стремительно развивающаяся инфляция hedge against inflation страхование от инфляции hedge against inflation страховаться от инфляции inertial inflation вялая инфляция inflation инфляция inflation обесценение денег rampant inflation безудержная инфляция runaway inflation безудержная инфляция runaway inflation гиперинфляция runaway: inflation неудержимый, быстро растущий; runaway inflation безудержная инфляция underlying inflation структурная инфляция validated inflation узаконенная инфляция wage inflation инфляция, вызванная ростом заработной платы wage-cost push inflation инфляция, вызванная ростом заработной платы wage-push inflation инфляция, вызванная ростом заработной платы -
18 CAPM
- модель ценообразования по капитальным активам
- модель ценообразования на основные средства
- автоматизированные измерения диэлектрической постоянной
автоматизированные измерения диэлектрической постоянной
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
модель ценообразования на основные средства
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
модель ценообразования по капитальным активам
CAPM
Экономическая модель для оценки акций, путем увязывания риска и ожидаемой прибыли. Исходя из идеи, что инвесторам требуется дополнительная ожидаемая прибыль (называемая премией за риск), если просят принять дополнительный риск.
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]EN
capital asset pricing model
CAPM
An economic model for valuing stocks by relating risk and expected return. Based on the idea that investors demand additional expected return (called the risk premium) if asked to accept additional risk.
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > CAPM
-
19 capital asset pricing model
- модель ценообразования по капитальным активам
- модель ценообразования на основные средства
- модель ценообразования капитальных активов
модель ценообразования капитальных активов
Математическая модель, используемая в теории портфеля ценных бумаг (portfolio theory), в которой доход (Е) от инвестиций выражается через ожидаемую окупаемость (rm) рыночных портфельных инвестиций (см.: Markowitz model (модель Марковица)) и коэффициент “бета” (beta), т.е.
E= R (rm-R),
где R - это очищенный от риска доход.
[ http://www.vocable.ru/dictionary/533/symbol/97]Тематики
EN
модель ценообразования на основные средства
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
модель ценообразования по капитальным активам
CAPM
Экономическая модель для оценки акций, путем увязывания риска и ожидаемой прибыли. Исходя из идеи, что инвесторам требуется дополнительная ожидаемая прибыль (называемая премией за риск), если просят принять дополнительный риск.
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]EN
capital asset pricing model
CAPM
An economic model for valuing stocks by relating risk and expected return. Based on the idea that investors demand additional expected return (called the risk premium) if asked to accept additional risk.
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > capital asset pricing model
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20 should
ʃud (полная форма) ;
(редуцированные формы) гл.
1) а) вспомогательный глагол;
употребляется для выражения будущего действия в придаточных предложениях, когда глагол главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, с 1-м л. ед. и мн. ч. I said I should be glad to see him. ≈ Я сказал, что буду рад его видеть. б) вспомогательный глагол, приобретающий модальное значение;
употребляется для выражения будущего действия в придаточных предложениях, когда глагол главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, с 2-м и 3-м л. ед. и мн. ч., придавая действию оттенок обещания, угрозы, приказания, предостережения и т. п. со стороны говорящего;
на русский язык модальное значение передается соответствующей интонацией He said that she should have the books in a few days. ≈ Он сказал, что она получит книги через несколько дней.
2) употребляется с 1-м и 3-м л. ед. и мн. ч. при обращении в косвенную речь вопроса, задаваемого с целью получить распоряжение от собеседника, если косвенный вопрос зависит от глагола в прош. времени;
'should' в этом сл. имеет модальное значение, придавая действию оттенок долженствования I asked him where I should wait him. ≈ Я спросил его, где мне его ждать. I asked her whether he should come in the morning. ≈ Я спросил ее, приходить ли ему утром.
3) употребляется в главной части условных предложений с 1-м л. ед. и мн. числа;
'should' в сочетании с формой инфинитива переводится сослагат. накл. I should go there if I had time. ≈ Я пошел бы туда, если бы у меня было время. We should have caught the train if we had walked faster. ≈ Мы бы успели на поезд, если бы мы шли быстрее.
4) употребляется в придаточной части условного предложения для подчеркивания малой вероятности делаемого предположения If they should come, I shall speak to them about it. ≈ Если они придут, я поговорю с ними об этом. If he should refuse, they would be greatly disappointed. ≈ Если бы он отказался, они были бы очень разочарованы.
5) употребляется в придаточных предложениях после безличных оборотов типа 'it is important' It is important that he should return to-morrow. ≈ Важно, чтобы он возвратился завтра.
6) употребляется в дополнительных придаточных предложениях, когда глагол гл. предл. выражает решимость, требование, совет, предложение, договоренность, приказание: 'to decide - решать', 'to demand, to require - требовать', 'to insist - настаивать', 'to advise - советовать', 'to recommend - рекомендовать' и др. He suggested that the case should be postponed. ≈ Он предложил, чтобы дело было отложено. The sellers demanded that payment should be made within five days. ≈ Продавцы требовали, чтобы платеж был произведен в течение пяти дней.
7) употребляется в дополнительных придаточных предложениях, когда сказуемое гл. предл. выражает чувство удивления, сожаления, негодования, радости и т.п. I am surprised that he should have done it. ≈ Я удивлен, что он это сделал. I am sorry that you should think so. ≈ Жаль, что вы так думаете.
8) употребляется в придаточных предложениях цели в сочетании с Indefinite Infinitive I'll ring up at once so that he shouldn't wait for me. ≈ Я ему позвоню немедленно, чтобы он не ждал меня.
9) употребляется со всеми лицами в прямых и косвенных вопросах, начинающихся с 'why' и выражающих сильное удивление, недоумение Why should you dislike him so much? ≈ Почему вы его так не любите? I don't understand why you should be angry with him. ≈ Я не понимаю, почему вы сердитесь на него.
10) употребляется для выражения морального долга или совета и имеет в этом сл. значение 'должен', 'следует', 'следовало бы' You should help her. ≈ Вам следовало (бы) помочь ей. past от shall выражает долженствование в форме рекомендации, пожелания - you * consult a doctor вам следует обратиться к врачу - I know I * go to the station я знаю, что (мне) нужно идти на станцию - we * go now нам пора уходить - which is as it * be что и должно было быть;
как и следовало ожидать выражает с перфектным инфинитивом невыполненную рекомендацию, пожелание - you * really have been more careful вам следовало бы быть осторжнее - he hasn't brought the book, though he * have done it last week он не принес книгу, хотя ему бы следовало сделать это еще на прошлой неделе выражает предположение - they * be there by now сейчас они, наверное, уже там - that * suit you это вам, должно быть, подойдет выражает нерешительное утверждение - I * think that... мне кажется, что... - I * say that he was right я бы сказал, что он неправ - I * think he is wrong я думаю, что он неправ - so it * seem кеазалось бы, что это так;
видимо, так выражает желание - I * like... мне бы хотелось (эмоционально-усилительно) выражает удивление, возмущение - why * you suspect me? с какой же это стати вы меня подозреваете? - why * he behave like that? и зачем только он так себя ведет? - how * I know? ну откуда мне знать? - it is strange that he * have said it весьма странно, что он сказал это - it is surprising that he * be so foolish! просто удивительно, до чего он неразумен! - whom * I meet but Jones? и кого же, вы думаете, я встретил? Джоунза, конечно;
и подумать только, кого я встретил - Джоунза! - you * have seen him! посмотрели бы вы на него!, жаль, что вы не видели его! - I * think so! еще бы! вспомогательный глагол в придаточном дополнительном служит для выражения будущего времени, согласованного с прошедшим временем в главном предложении - I said that I * come back soon я сказал, что скоро вернусь - he had promised that I * be there он обещал, что я там буду - I said I * do it я сказал, что я сделаю это вспомогательный глагол служит для образования форм сослагательного наклонения первого лица в главном предложении при придаточном условии - I * have bought the book if I had seen it я бы купил эту книгу, если бы я ее увидел - we * go there if we were invited мы бы пошли туда, если бы нас пригласили - I shouldn't be surprised if... я не удивился бы, если...;
меня не удивило бы, если... вспомогательный глагол служит для образования форм сослагательного наклонения в придаточных целях после союзов: lest, that, so that - I lent him the book so that he * study the subject я одолжил ему книгу, чтобы он изучил этот вопрс - ring him up first, lest you * find him gone сначала позвоните ему, а то он может уйти вспомогательный глагол служит для образования форм сослагательного наклонения в придаточных условиях - if I * be free tommorow, I'll come если я буду свободен завтра, я приду - if he * ask you tell him the truth если он вдруг тебя спросит, скажи ему правду вспомогательный глагол служит для образования форм сослагательного наклонения в придаточных дополнительных, когда действие вызвано необходимостью или зависит от чьей-либо воли, чьего-либо решения - they recommended that a special committee * be set up оени рекомендовали, чтобы была создана специальная комиссия - it is important that they * learn about it at once необходимо, чтобы они немедленно об этом узнали - it was impossible that this * continue for long это никак не могло долго продолжаться - it was not to be expected that they * surrender without a struggle нельзя было ожидать, чтобы они сдались без борьбы вспомогательный глагол служит для образования форм сослагательного наклонения в придаточных уступительных - whatever sun * be received from him... какая бы сумма от него не поступила... ~ вспомогательный глагол;
служит для образования будущего в прошедшем в 1 л. ед. и мн. ч.: I said I should be at home next week я сказал, что буду дома на следующей неделе ~ вспомогательный глагол;
служит для образования: условного наклонения в 1 л. ед. и мн. ч.: I should be glad to play if I could я бы сыграл, если бы умел it is necessary that he ~ go home at once необходимо, чтобы он сейчас же шел домой should (past от shall) вспомогательный глагол;
служит для образования сослагательного наклонения ~ вспомогательный глагол;
служит для образования: условного наклонения в 1 л. ед. и мн. ч.: I should be glad to play if I could я бы сыграл, если бы умел ~ вспомогательный глагол;
служит для образования будущего в прошедшем в 1 л. ед. и мн. ч.: I said I should be at home next week я сказал, что буду дома на следующей неделе ~ модальный глагол, выражающий: предположение ( вытекающее из обстоятельств) ;
they should be there by now сейчас они, наверное, уже там ~ модальный глагол, выражающий: долженствование, уместность, целесообразность ~ модальный глагол, выражающий: предположение (вытекающее из обстоятельств) ;
they should be there by now сейчас они, наверное, уже там you ~ not do that этого делать не следует;
we should be punctual мы должны быть аккуратны you ~ not do that этого делать не следует;
we should be punctual мы должны быть аккуратны
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См. также в других словарях:
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